Biochemistry | B pharmacy Semester 2 free notes

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Semester 2

BP203 T. BIOCHEMISTRY  (Theory)

UNIT I

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•     Biomolecules

Introduction,   classification, chemical nature, and biological role of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins.

•     Bioenergetics

Concept of free energy,  endergonic and exergonic reaction,  Relationship between free energy, enthalpy, and entropy; Redox potential. 

Energy-rich  compounds;  classification;  biological  significances  of  ATP and cyclic AMP

UNIT II

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•     Carbohydrate metabolism

Glycolysis-- Pathway, energetics, and significance 

Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics, and significance

HMP shunt and its significance; Glucose-6-Phosphate  dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Glycogen metabolism  Pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSD) 

Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its Significance

Hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and Diabetes mellitus

•     Biological oxidation

Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism.

Oxidative phosphorylation  &  its mechanism  and  substrate-level phosphorylation

Inhibitors ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/Uncouplers

UNIT III

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•     Lipid  metabolism

Oxidation of saturated fatty acid (Palmitic acid)
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosis 
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Palmitic acid)
The biological significance  of  cholesterol  and  conversion  of  cholesterol  into bile acids, a steroid hormone, and vitamin D
Disorders   of   lipid   metabolism:   Hypercholesterolemia,   atherosclerosis, fatty liver and 
obesity.

•     Amino acid metabolism

General  reactions of amino acid  metabolism:  Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle, and its disorders
Catabolism  of  phenylalanine  and  tyrosine  and  their  metabolic  disorders (Phenylketonuria, 
Albinism, alkaptonuria,  tyrosinemia)
Synthesis   and  significance   of   biological   substances;   5-HT,  melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline
Catabolism of heme; hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

UNIT IV

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•     Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer

Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides
Catabolism of purine nucleotides and Hyperuricemia  and Gout disease 
Organization of mammalian genome
Structure of DNA and RNA and their functions
DNA replication (semi-conservative model)
Transcription of RNA synthesis
Genetic code, Translation  or Protein synthesis and inhibitors

UNIT V

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•     Enzymes

Introduction, properties,  nomenclature, and IUB classification of enzymes
Enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Line Weaver Burke plot)
Enzyme inhibitors with examples
Regulation   of   enzymes:   enzyme   induction   and   repression,   allosteric enzymes regulation
Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes
Coenzymes  —Structure and biochemical functions